|
|
| DNA {A,T,C,G} |
| 5' [up stream] | [promoter(s)] | [exon1] | [gt intron1 ag] | [exon2] | [gt intron2 ag] | [exon3] | 3' [down stream] |
transcribed to RNA {A,U,C,G} |
| | 5' |
3' |
|
| | [exon1] | [gu intron1 ag] | [exon2] | [gu intron2 ag] | [exon3] | |
RNA spliced (edited) |
| [ exon1 ] |
[exon2] |
[ exon3 ] |
| [UTS | aug... ] |
[exon2] |
[ ... |
UTS] |
|
translated to protein |
|
|
| |
N any |
|---|
| R purine | Y pyrimidine |
|---|
small
2xH |
A | U/T |
large
3xH |
G | C |
|
atg~aug->MET (& starts)
|
Stop translation codons:
taa~uaa,
tag~uag,
tga~uga
|
UTS = UnTranslated Sequence
|
Genetic Code
The are four DNA (RNA) bases {A,T(U),C,G}.
There are twenty (common) amino acids making up proteins.
mRNA is read in codons - groups of three bases -
and translated into protein according to
the genetic code below:
-
| |
position 2 |
|
|---|
| pyrimidine |
purine |
|---|
| U/T |
C |
A |
G |
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
1
|
p
y
r
i
m
i
d
i
n
e |
U
/
T |
UUU | Phe[F] |
UCU | Ser[S] |
UAU | Tyr[Y] |
UGU | Cys[C] |
U |
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
3
|
|---|
| UUC |
UCC |
UAC |
UGC |
C |
| UUA | Leu[L] |
UCA |
UAA | Stop! |
UGA | Stop! |
A |
| UUG |
UCG |
UAG |
UGG | Trp[W] |
G |
| C |
CUU |
CCU | Pro[P] |
CAU | His[H] |
CGU | Arg[R] |
U |
|---|
| CUC | CCC | CAC | CGC | C |
|---|
| CUA | CCA | CAA | Gln[Q] |
CGA | A |
|---|
| CUG | CCG | CAG | CGG | G |
|---|
p
u
r
i
n
e |
A |
AUU | Ile[I] |
ACU | Thr[T] |
AAU | Asn[N] |
AGU | Ser[S] |
U |
| AUC | ACC | AAC | AGC | C |
|---|
| AUA | ACA | AAA | Lys[K] |
AGA | Arg[R] | A |
|---|
| AUG | Met[M] |
ACG | AAG | AGG | G |
|---|
| G |
GUU | Val[V] |
GCU | Ala[A] |
GAU | Asp[D] |
GGU | Gly[G] |
U |
|---|
| GUC | GCC | GAC | GGC | C |
|---|
| GUA | GCA | GAA | Glu[E] |
GGA | A |
|---|
| GUG | GCG | GAG | GGG | G |
|---|
| ---> |
|---|
| A | Ala |
| C | Cys |
| D | Asp |
| E | Glu |
| F | Phe |
| G | Gly |
| H | His |
| I | Ile |
| K | Lys |
| L | Leu |
| M | Met |
| N | Asn |
| P | Pro |
| Q | Gln |
| R | Arg |
| S | Ser |
| T | Thr |
| V | Val |
| W | Trp |
| Y | Tyr |
| |
| ---> |
|---|
| Ala | A |
| Arg | R |
| Asn | N |
| Asp | D |
| Cys | C |
| Gln | Q |
| Glu | E |
| Gly | G |
| His | H |
| Ile | I |
| Leu | L |
| Lys | K |
| Met | M |
| Phe | F |
| Pro | P |
| Ser | S |
| Thr | T |
| Trp | W |
| Tyr | Y |
| Val | V |
|
| codes |
|---|
There are three stop (translating) codons.
All coding regions begin AUG (Met).
Any "sufficiently long" stretch of DNA,
in some reading frame (offset of 0, 1 or 2),
not containing a stop
codon is called an open reading frame (ORF)
and is a potential candidate for being a part of a gene.
AA Properties
| . | --hydrophylic-- | . |
|---|
l
a
r
g
e
|
|
. | . | K
|
Q | E
D | . | . |
|
s
m
a
l
l
|
| . | H | R | N
| . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | P
| G |
| W | . | . | * |
T | S
A | . |
| . | . | M | . | . | . | . |
| . |
F L | . | I V | . | . | . |
| . | Y | . | . | . | . | C |
| . | --hydrophobic-- | . |
|---|
| --Approx(!) AA similarity ~ Swanson 84-- |
|---|
|
|